Reformed and Presbyterian Denominations: A Primer

 

Statement on "micro-churches": You will see many denominations listed here that have three, five, or ten churches. Most of these smaller ones have little difference from all the others. Heck, I think most of the NAPARC churches should united but that's beside the point. I think it's sad that the Reformed community has grown so fragmented that we have these tiny little groups that recognize each other but they're "not good enough". They usually have their reasons, but I don't usually buy it. It's a sad testimony to the spirit of American individualism that this is so rampant. Anyway, here is as complete a list as I can gather for now. Email me (and remove "no spam") if you have other suggestions.

Questionable/erroneous positions are listed in green, while major doctrinal error is in red. (Per my humble opinion.)
KJV-Preferred means a church only uses the KJV in public but does not necessarily bash others
KJV-Onlyist means that the church thinks translations other than the KJV are generally corrupt and heretical

Numbers of churches/members are meant to reflect US and Canada, unless otherwise noted.

NAPARC (North American Presbyterian And Reformed Council) - A conservative-Reformed ecumenical organization promoting closer relations between Reformed denominations. Most of the major groups are represented.

Basis of the Council:
Confessing Jesus Christ as only Savior and Sovereign Lord over all of life, we affirm the basis of the fellowship of Presbyterian and Reformed Churches to be full commitment to the Bible in its entirety as the Word of God written, without error in all its parts and to its teaching as set forth in the Heidelberg Catechism, the Belgic Confession, the Canons of Dordt, the Westminster Confession of Faith, and the Westminster Larger and Shorter Catechisms. That the adopted basis of fellowship be regarded as warrant for the establishment of a formal relationship of the nature of the council, that is, a fellowship that enables the constituent churches to advise, council, and cooperate in various matters with one another and hold out before each other the desirability and need for organic union of churches that are of like faith and practice.
NAPARC Members
Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) 341,000 members 1,693 churches This church is broadly evangelical, conservative, and Reformed. It was formed in 1973 as the National Presbyterian Church, adopting its current name the next year. It is now the second-largest Reformed denomination in the U.S. There is a blend of Reformed practice and modern evangelicalism.
Creeds: Westminster Standards (Confession & Larger and Shorter Catechism) (1789)
Worship: Mixed (traditional, contemporary, liturgical; Psalms, hymns, praise & worship)
Notables: RC Sproul Sr, Harry Reeder, George Grant, Tim Keller, Steve Brown
Orthodox Presbyterian Church (OPC) 30,000 324 A very conservative Reformed denomination. The OPC came into being (as the Presbyterian Church of America) in 1938 as a breakaway from the old northern PCUSA, then changed its name later. (Our church home now.)
Creeds: WS (1789)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: J.G. Machen+, Greg Bahnsen+, G.I. Williamson, D.G. Hart, John Fesko, Robert Reymond
Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church (ARP) 35,000 255 The ARP Church is the oldest Presbyterian denomination in America, being formed in 1782 as a merger of Seceder and Covenanter churches. The Associate Reformed Church is solidly conservative, but does allow female deacons.
Creeds: WS (1905)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: Billy Graham (raised ARP), Vaughn Hathaway, Sinclair Ferguson, Jay Adams
Reformed Presbyterian Church of North America (RPCNA) 6,641 91
(Five in Japan)
Another very conservative Reformed Church, a successor to the Covenanters. Allows female deacons.
Creeds: WS (1647), RPCNA Testimony
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing
Notables: Ray Lanning, Frank J. Smith
Korean-American Presbyterian Church (KAPC) 33,000 400+ A conservative ethnic Korean body.
Creeds: WS
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms (Korean)
Reformed Church in the United States (RCUS) 4,000+ 46 By most authorities the most conservative of significant Reformed denominations. The RCUS is a descendant of the German Reformed Church, most of which is now part of the United Church of Christ.
Creeds: Three Forms of Unity (Belgic Confession, Heidelberg Catechism, Canons of Dordt)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: Phillip Schaff+, C.W. Powell, Robert Grossmann
Reformed Church of Quebec (ERQ) Unknown 5 Conservative, evangelical Reformed, ethnic French-Canadian successor to the Huguenots.
Creeds: Westminster Confession, Heidelberg Catechism
United Reformed Churches in North America (URCNA) 21,000 111 Formed in 1995, the URCNA is a breakaway from the Christian Reformed Church. This church continues the conservative Continental Reformed tradition of its predecessor.
Creeds: TFU
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms, some contemporary congregations
Notables: Michael Horton, Robert Godfrey, Kim Riddlebarger. R. Scott Clark
Free Reformed Churches of North America (FRCNA) 4,500 21 Conservative denomination, Dutch background, from the Free Reformed Churches of the Netherlands.
Creeds: TFU
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, KJV-preferred
Heritage Reformed Churches (HRC) 2,000 11 Very Conservative, ethnic Dutch background, formerly with the Netherlands Reformed Congregations.
Creeds: TFU
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, KJV-preferred
Notables: Joel Beeke
Canadian and American Reformed Churches (CanRC) 17,000 54 Conservative, mostly Dutch church based in Canada and the northern United States.
Creeds: TFU
Worship: Psalms and some hymns
Presbyterian Reformed Church (PRC) Unknown 6 Conservative breakaway from the Canadian PC, but with congregations in the United States and England as well.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing, KJV-preferred
NAPARC Membership pending
Recent observers to NAPARC
American Presbyterian Church (APC) 60 3 Fundamentalist breakaway from the BPC. While the BPC allows freedom on millennial views, the APC requires premillennialism. Also opposed to any use of alcohol as sinful.
Creeds: WS (1939)
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing, KJV-preferred (Textus Receptus Only)
Bible Presbyterian Church (BPC) 10,000 24 Moderate fundamentalist breakaway from the OPC (1938). Along with conservative Reformed theology, the majority of the BPC advocates historic premillennialism, abstention from alcohol, and a strong separatistic tradition. (Includes churches in South Atlantic Presbytery, part of which has withdrawn to form the BPC, Faith Presbytery.)
Creeds: WS (1938)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: Carl McIntire+
Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) 85,000 260+ Evangelical breakaway from the United Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. (1981) The EPC holds to conservative Reformed doctrine, but allows the ordination of women as elders and deacons and also is more tolerant of semi-Arminian and charismatic views than most others. Many PCUSA churches have jumped to them recently.
Creeds: WS (modern)
Worship: Mixed (traditional, contemporary; Psalms, hymns, praise & worship)
Notables: Chuck Baynard, Robert Norris, John Wood
Hungarian Reformed Church in America (HRCA) 6,000 31 Moderately Conservative, ethnic Hungarian. 
Creeds: Heidelberg, 2nd Helvetic Confession
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Netherlands Reformed Congregations (NRC) 10,080 26 Very Conservative, ethnic Dutch; is said to have hyper-Calvinistic tendencies.
Creeds: Three Forms of Unity
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody
Korean Presbyterian Church in America (Kosin) Unknown Unknown I know they're an ethnic Korean denomination, and are conservative Presbyterian. Nothing else as yet.
Other Reformed Denominations
Alliance of Reformed Churches (ARC) Unk 17 A Christian Reformed Church breakaway.
Creeds: TFU
Associated Presbyterian Churches (APCS) Unk 2  An ethnic Scottish split-off from the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland over the issue of Christian liberty. Somewhat ecumenical, but not liberal from what I can see.
Creeds: WS (1647)

Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing
Calvin Synod of the United Church of Christ (CS-UCC) Unk 28 Moderately conservative, ethnic Hungarian synod of the United Church of Christ. Many members of the conservative "Faithful and Welcoming" movement are in this body.
Creeds:
Heidelberg, 2nd Helvetic Confession
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Christian Reformed Church in North America (CRCNA) 268,000 1,049 An evangelical continental Reformed denomination, somewhat conservative but allows ordination of women and also has a lot of ministers who hold to higher-critical views of the Bible.
Creeds: TFU (modern), Our World Belongs to God
Worship: Mixed (traditional, contemporary; Psalms, hymns, praise & worship)
Notables: Anthony Hoekema+, Jerry Dykstra
Covenant Presbyterian Church (CoPC) Unknown 9 A breakaway from the RPCGA. No sunday school or youth groups, require educated elders, and practice paedocommunion.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Covenant Reformed Presbyterian Church (CRPC) Unknown 3 A recent denomination which mostly broke from the PCA. They are mildly theonomic and strongly Reformed.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms, KJV-preferred
Covenanting Association of Reformed Presbyterian Churches (CARPC) Unknown 4 A small group that holds to the Westminster Standards and to the Three Forms of Unity. Can't really see any distinctives other than this.
Creeds: WS, TFU
Evangelical Reformed Presbyterian Church (ERPC) Unknown 5 This is a new denomination forming based on perceived apostasy in the PCA and OPC over the acceptance of the Federal Vision theology (which was recently rejected at their General Assemblies).  Very similar to those of the PCA/OPC, but are aiming to be much more ground-up in church government.
Creeds: WS (1789)
Notables: Paul Elliott
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Faith Presbytery, Bible Presbyterian Church (FPBPC) Unk 3 A group from BPC's South Atlantic Presbytery that separated from the BPC in 2008, partly because of BPC relations with the OPC. No official organization as yet, and some of the churches want to remain in the BPC.
Creeds: WS (1938)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Federation of Reformed Churches (FoRC) Unknown 9 Postmillennial, paedo-communion (weekly)
Creeds: FRC Distinctives
Free Church of Scotland (FCS) Unknown 5  An ethnic Scottish denomination, which left the Church of Scotland in 1843.
Creeds: WS (1647)

Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing
Free Church of Scotland, Continuing (FCSC) Unknown 4  A split-off from the FCS, with similar beliefs and worship.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing, KJV-preferred
Free Presbyterian Church of North America (FPCNA) Unknown 24 A very conservative Reformed church affiliated with the larger FPC Northern Ireland, led by Ian Paisley. This church is fundamentalist/separatist and is very adamantly anti-Catholic. They practice both paedo-baptism (but only "babes in arms", not minors) and credo-baptism (anyone older than an infant has to confess Christ before baptism).
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms, King James Onlyist
Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland (FPCS) Unknown 3 Another split-off from the FCS, with similar beliefs and worship.
Creeds: WS (1647)

Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, a capella singing, King James Onlyist
Protestant Reformed Churches in America (PRCA) 7,000 27 A very conservative breakaway from the CRC (1926) that denies the doctrine of common grace and any love of God for nonbelievers (Hyper-Calvinist Hoeksemites); also require members to attend their own Christian schools and forbid homeschooling when one is available.
Creeds: TFU
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, KJV-preferred
Reformation Presbytery of the Midwest (RPM) Unknown 2 A former confederate of the RPCGA.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, KJV-preferred
Reformed Presbyterian Church in the United States (RPCUS) Unknown 10 A remnant of a breakaway from the PCA (1983), this church is conservative and avows the Christian Reconstructionism of Rushdoony, Bahnsen, and others.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: Joe Morecraft, Wayne Rogers
Reformed Presbyterian Church General Assembly (RPCGA) Unknown 7 A breakaway from the RPCUS (1990s). Small, mildly theonomic, opposed to incorporation with the government.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: Kenneth Talbot, Kenneth Gentry
Reformed Presbyterian Church [Hanover Presbytery]  (RPCH) 500 8 Another breakaway from the RPCUS (1990s). Joined recently by the former American Reformation Presbyterian Church, a PCA breakaway.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Psalms & hymns (depending on church), KJV-preferred
Notables: Edwin Elliott+, Richard Bacon
Reformed Presbyterian Church, Covenanted (RPCC) Unknown Online A breakaway from the RPCNA (1840), holds to an extreme view of Exclusive Psalmody, saying that those who use hymns and don't sing via lining are idolaters. They do not worship with anyone who sings hymns or who doesn't line the Psalms, use the Directory for Publick Worship (1646) or covenant. (Steelites)
Creeds: WS (1647), Solemn League & Covenant
Reformed Presbytery of North America, General Meeting (RPNA-GM) Unknown 1? Very similar to the RPCC, holding to most of the same views. Their members are very active on the net despite the church's small size, though the Presbytery recently split up due to all the pastors finding reasons to excommunicate the others. Require complete doctrinal conformity in all matters essential and not. Claims that to be a Biblically constituted church you must accept not only the Bible, but also the Westminster Standards, Solemn League and Covenant, and the Directory of Publick Worship.(Steelites)
Creeds: WS (1647), Solemn League & Covenant
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, KJV Only
Westminster Presbyterian Church in the United States (WPCUS) Unknown 4 Another recent Reformed micro-church; by its name obviously very Calvinistic. Breakaway from the RPCNA.
Creeds: WS (1647)
Worship: Exclusive Psalmody, KJV-preferred
Notables: Brian Hanley, Brian Schwertley
Reformed Church in America (RCA) 271,000 931 An ecumenical denomination which has a fairly liberal leadership but many of its churches are solidly evangelical.
Creeds: TFU
Worship: Traditional and contemporary, depending on the church
Notables: Norman Vincent Peale, Robert Schuller
Cumberland Presbyterian Church (CPC) 78,451 740 An Arminian Presbyterian church (only believes in the fifth point of five) formed during the Second Great Awakening.   They are long-time practitioners of women's ordination and permit higher-critical views of the Bible.
Creeds: Cumberland Confession of Faith (1984)  
Cumberland Presbyterian Church in America (CPCA) 15,000 109 Another Arminian and somewhat liberal denomination, associated with the former and with the same beliefs.  The CPCA was once known as the Colored CPC, and its membership is still mostly black.
Creeds: Cumberland Confession of Faith (1984)  
Upper Cumberland Presbyterian Church (UCPC) 1,000 12 Arminian conservative breakaway from the CPC.  Known for their exclusive use of the KJV and rejection  of modernism.
Creeds: UCPC Statement of Faith (1963)
Korean Presbyterian Church in America (KPCA) 55,000 302 Liberal-ecumenical Korean Denomination.
Creeds: WS
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms (Korean)
Presbyterian Church (USA)  (PCUSA) 2,140,165 10,751 The largest Reformed Denomination in the U.S., has a strongly liberal leadership and is moving toward allowing homosexual marriage and ordination, but several of its churches are solidly Biblical and are fighting this. Original PCUSA formed in 1789, this one in 1983 with the union of Northern and Southern Churches.
Creeds: Book of Confessions (WS, Scots, Heidelberg, 2HC, Barmen Declaration, Confession of 1967, etc.)
Worship: Everything from traditional to contemporary to postmodern to pagan worship of Sophia if you know where to look
Notables: Jack Rogers, Parker Williamson, Fred "Mister" Rogers+, Lloyd John Ogilvie
Defunct Reformed and Presbyterians Denominations (Approximate figures given for last record available)
Associate Presbyterian Church (APC) 650 4 The Seceder church from old Scotland, led by the Erskines. Strongly Calvinist and Exclusive Psalmody.
Union 1: With Reformed Presbytery to form ARPC (1782)
Union 2: With (northern) ARPC to form the UPCNA (1858)
Union 3: With RPCNA (1969)
Evangelical Presbyterian Church (1961) (EPC) 6,769 169 The majority of the BPC which was deserted by the current BPC in 1956. The BPC (Columbus Synod) became the EPC in 1961.
Notables: J. Oliver Buswell, Francis Schaeffer
Union: With RPCGS to form RPCES (1965).
Evangelical & Reformed Church (E&R) 818,000 2,727 Formed by a union of the liberal majority of the RCUS (minus the current RCUS) with the semi-Lutheran Evangelical Synod of North America. Used the Heidelberg Catechism along with Luther's Catechism and the Augsburg confession. Very neo-orthodox.
Notables: Reinhold Niehbur, Richard Niehbur, George Richards
Union: With the Congregational Christian Church to form the United Church of Christ (1961)
Orthodox Christian Reformed Churches (OCRC) 1,400 5 Conservative breakaway from the CRC.
Creeds: Three Forms of Unity
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Union: With the URCNA in 2008
Presbyterian Church in the United States (PCUS) 815,000 4,250 This had been the old "Southern" Presbyterian Church, formed as the Presbyterian Church in the Confederate State in America (PCCSA) in 1861. Was conservative until the 1950s and 1960s, when liberalism took control. The PCA left the PCUS in 1973.
Notables: James Henley Thornwell, R.L. Dabney, L. Nelson Bell, Ernest Trice Thompson
Union: With the UPCUSA to form the PC(USA) in 1983
Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (PCUSA) 2,775,000 8,351 This had been the old "Northern" Presbyterian Church, founded in 1789. It was a solid Reformed body until the 1920s when it began to openly tolerate liberalism and modernism, then censured those who opposed them (e.g. J. Gresham Machen). It joined the UPCNA in 1958.
Notables: Archibald Alexander, Charles Hodge, A.A. Hodge, B.B. Warfield, Charles Erdman
Union: United with the UPCNA to form the UPCUSA in 1958.
Providence National Presbytery (PNP) Unknown 3 Distinctive of this church is their belief in paedocommunion.
Creeds: WS
Worship: Traditional hymns and Psalms
Union: Apparently joined the CREC
United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America (UPCUSA) 2,350,000 8,975 The Northern Church formed by the union of the original PCUSA and the UPCNA church in 1958. Carried into liberalism by the old Northern Church.
Union: United with the PCUS to form the PC(USA) in 1983
Reformed Presbyterian Church in North America, General Synod (RPCGS) 2,403 21 Broke from the RPCNA in 1833 because that church had forbidden members to vote or hold office, while the RPCGS supported this. Joined with the (old) Evangelical Presbyterian Church in 1965.
Notables: Gordon H. Clark
Union: With EPC (1961) to form the RPCES
Reformed Presbyterian Church, Evangelical Synod (RPCES) 20,000 154 Formed in 1965 with the union of the EPC (of 1961) with the RPCGS. Broadly evangelical with Reformed streak.
Notables: Gordon H. Clark, Francis Schaeffer
Union: With the PCA in 1983.
United Presbyterian Church in North America (UPCNA) 258,000 839 A merger of the Associate and northern Associate Reformed Churches (1858), this was a conservative Reformed witness until its union with the northern PCUSA in 1958 and it lost its distinctives.
Notables: John Gerstner
Union: United with the PCUSA to form the UPCUSA in 1958.
Non-Presbyterian Reformed Denominations
 Congregational Reformed
Confederation of Reformed Evangelical Churches (CREC) 
Unknown 73 
(5 outside NA)
Composed of Presbyterian, and Reformed Baptist churches, but more congregational in church order. They allow believers and infant baptism and communion, depending on what the local church says, Many advocates of the Federal Vision heresy,which denies justification by faith alone, have come here (e.g. Steve Wilkins), but thankfully there are also members who do not follow this movement (e.g., RC Sproul, Jr).
Creeds: Westminster Creed, Evangelical Statment
Worship: Highly liturgical, traditional hymns and Psalms
Notables: Doug Wilson, Peter Leithart, Wilkins, Sproul Jr.
Conservative Congregational Christian Conference (CCCC)
43,000 299 One of the successors of the old New England Congregationalists, this denomination is officially Reformed but is also tolerant of other views. Several UCC churches which left that apostate group joined this Biblical church.
Evangelical Association of Reformed and Congregational Christian Churches (EARCCC)  Unknown 7+ A Reformed and evangelical group with ties to the United Church of Christ.
Evangelical Reformed Church in America (ERCA) Unknown Unknown A congregational polity and rejection of seminary education for its ministers distinguishes this otherwise standard Continental Reformed body.
Creeds: TFU
Reformed Congregational Fellowship (RCF) Unknown 3 Classical Calvinist congregationalists.
Creeds: Savoy Declaration, Cambridge Platform
National Association of Congregational Christian Churches (NACCC) 70,000 470 Well, I guess they're not as bad as the United Church of Christ (below).  Good roots, but a number of churches have embraced strong theological liberalism.  Very much a mixed bag of very good churches and not so good.  Several UCC churches have joined the NACCC recently.
United Church of Christ (UCC)  1,200,000 5,633 Reformed in name only. This merger of old German Reformed, German Evangelical, Congregationalist, and one Disciples group allows practically any belief by its ministers, including homosexual ordination and marriage. A sad descendant of several historically good churches, though there are a few who have "not knelt the knee to Ba'al."
Creed: UCC Statement of Faith (1961)
Episcopalian Reformed
Anglican Mission in the Americas (AMiA) Unknown 52 Episcopal breakaway that is endorsed by several Anglican bishops from other nations. A number of priests in this church are Reformed in their theology.  As of 2009 is part of the Anglican Church in North America.
Creeds: Thirty-Nine Articles
Worship: Traditional and contemporary, depending on the church
Reformed Episcopal Church (REC)   13,400 141 An older Calvinist Episcopalian group, formed in opposition to Catholic influences in the Episcopal Church in the 19th century. Has become more high-church and Anglo-Catholic and less Reformed in recent years.  As of 2009 is part of the Anglican Church in North America.
Creeds: Thirty-Nine Articles
Worship: Traditional, liturgical
Traditional Protestant Episcopal Church (TPEC) Unknown 3 A recent split from the Episcopal Church or one of its successors. Is strongly confessional, evangelical, and Reformed.
Creeds: Thirty-Nine Articles
Worship: Traditional, low-church liturgical, KJV-Preferred
Traditional Reformed Episcopal Church (TREC) Unknown 1 (5 in the UK) Split from the REC because of the Anglo-Catholicism growing in the mother body. Associated with the Free Church of England - Evangelical Connexion.
Creeds: Thirty-Five REC Articles
Worship: Traditional, low-church liturgical
 Reformed Baptists
Association of Reformed Baptist Churches in America (ARBCA)  Unknown 70 A Calvinistic Baptist association of churches formed in the last few years to get a more unified witness among Reformed Baptists
Creed: Baptist Confession of 1689
Fellowship of Independent Reformed Evangelicals (FIRE)
Unknown 76 Another Calvinistic Baptist association.
Creeds: Baptist Confessions of 1644, 1689
Notables: Phil Johnson
The Founders Online   NA NA Not a denomination, but a Calvinist renewal movement in the historically Reformed Southern Baptist Convention
 Reformed Charismatics
Every Nation Churches (ENC)   Unknown 54 Reformed Charismatic denomination. As the name suggests, they have more congregations across the globe.
Sovereign Grace Ministries (SGM) Unknown 81 Another Reformed Charismatic body. This is best known as the home of  C.J. Mahaney and courtship-advocate Joshua Harris.
FAKE Denominations
First Calvinist Church of the Non-Elect (FCC) N/A N/A A sick joke and a bad parody of true Calvinism. The "members" of this church are convinced they're going to hell because they're not elect. The website is actually run by a bunch of anti-Calvinists who don't want to be confused with facts.
Sources, other websites:
1) Adherents.com
2) Melton, J.G. Encyclopedia of American Religions. Detroit: Gale Research Co., 2003.
3) Mead, F. and Hill, S. Handbook of Denominations in the United States. Nashville: Abingdon, 1985 (8th Ed)
4) BJ Mora's site on Reformed Denominations - Another individual Reformed believer and well-done site
5) Grace Alone's site - Brian Hanley's thorough site about Presbyterian Churches; don't miss it!
6) Association of Religion Data Archives - Has taken off where Adherents stopped
If anyone has any further or updated info I can’t find, email me here (rmv NOSPAM). I've tried to correct my errors, but I'm sure I still have some work to do. Help me out, guys!

Last update: 12 February 2010